Satellite InSAR Data: Reservoir Monitoring from Space (EET 9)

Satellite radar data for surface deformation monitoring are gaining increasing attention, and not only within the oil and gas community. They provide a powerful tool for remotely measuring extremely small surface displacements over large areas and long periods of time, without requiring the installation of in-situ equipment. However, apart from remote sensing and radar specialists, only a relatively small number of geoscientists and engineers understand how a radar sensor orbiting the Earth at about 7 km/s from 700km above the Earth’s surface can actually measure ground displacements of a fraction of a centimetre. This book provides a step-by-step introduction to satellite radar sensors, SAR imagery, SAR interferometry and advanced InSAR techniques. Rather than a tutorial for remote sensing specialists, the book starts from very basic concepts and explains in plain language the most important ideas related to SAR data processing and why geoscientists and engineers should take a vested interest in this new information source.

Contents
AcknowledgementsGeneral disclaimer
1 Motivation
2 Satellite radar images2.1 Key features of satellite radar systems2.2 Amplitude and phase information: the magic of complex numbers2.3 Range resolution, signal compression and formation of a range line2.4 Acquisition geometry and synthetic aperture2.5 SAR images2.6 Geometric distortions and satellite orbit2.7 Scattering mechanisms2.8 What we have learned so far
3 SAR interferometry3.1 Measuring phase variations3.2 Modelling the interferometric phase3.3 SAR interferograms3.4 Phase decorrelation and coherence maps3.5 Atmospheric effects3.6 Phase Unwrapping3.7 What we have learned so far
4 Multi-interferogram technique4.1 Some history4.2 The Permanent Scatterer (PS) technique: PSInSAR4.3 SBAS and other multi-interferogram techniques4.4 SqueeSAR4.5 Estimation of 2-dimensional displacement fields4.6 Precision assessment and validatio4.7 What we have learned so far
5 Oil and gas applications5.1 Surface expression of reservoir dynamics: an opportunity more than a problem5.2 Inversion of surface deformation data5.3 A case study in Middle East5.4 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)5.5 Underground Gas Storage (UGS)5.6 Off-shore applications5.7 What we have learned so far
6 Conclusions and future trends6.1 InSAR application6.2 Artificial Reflectors6.3 Satellite archives, historical analyses and monitoring projects6.4 New trends and why we should care
ReferencesIndex